The DBMS has certain routines that maintain audit trail or a journal. An audit trail or a journal is a record of an update operation made on the database. Audit trails may be used to trace the occurrence of an incorrect activity. The audit trail records:
Who (user or the application program and a transaction number)
When (time and date)
Where (location of the user and/or the terminal)
What (identification of the data affected, as well as before-and-after image of that portion of the database that was affected by the update operation).
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